Multiple myeloma is a blood cancer that affects plasma cells. Globally, it accounted for over 176,000 new cases and caused around 117,000 deaths worldwide in 2022, with incidence highest among adults over 60 and slightly more common in men.
Normally, plasma cells are the white blood cells that help fight infections in the body by producing antibodies. However, in the myeloma condition, they start growing uncontrollably and producing abnormal antibodies called M protein (monoclonal paraprotein).
Due to the abundance of this unusual protein, which affects your bones, kidneys, and blood cells as well, it may result in several health complications.
Symptoms of Multiple Myeloma
In the early stages, there may be no visible or noticeable symptoms. However, in the later advanced stages, you may notice the following symptoms:
- Bone pain, especially in the back or ribs
- Frequent infections or slower healing
- Fatigue or constant weakness
- Unexplained weight loss
- Nausea or constipation
- Increased thirst or frequent urination
- Confusion or mental fog
- Shortness of breath
- Numbness or weakness in the legs (if the spinal cord is affected
Causes of Multiple Myeloma
The exact cause of multiple myeloma is unknown, but it begins when genetic changes (mutations) in the DNA of plasma cells cause them to grow uncontrollably. These cancerous plasma cells crowd out normal blood cells and produce abnormal proteins, which can damage organs and bones.
Possible risk factors may include:
- Age: Most cases occur in people over 60
- Gender: Slightly more common in men
- Family history: A close relative with the disease increases the risk
- Exposure to radiation or certain chemicals
- Weakened immune system or other plasma cell disorders
Common Complications
Multiple myeloma can lead to several serious complications as it affects bones, blood, kidneys, and the immune system. Common complications include:
- Bone Damage & Fractures: Weakened bones, especially in the spine and ribs, leading to fractures or spinal compression.
- Kidney Dysfunction: Abnormal proteins (M protein) can damage the kidneys, sometimes causing kidney failure.
- Anemia: Reduced red blood cell production causes fatigue and weakness.
- Frequent Infections: A weakened immune system increases susceptibility to infections.
- High Blood Calcium (Hypercalcemia): Due to bone breakdown, leading to nausea, constipation, confusion, or thirst.
- Nerve Damage: Compression of nerves or high calcium levels can lead to numbness or weakness in the limbs.
- Blood Clotting Issues: Increased risk of bleeding or clotting problems.
How is Multiple Myeloma Diagnosed?
To diagnose multiple myeloma and determine its stage, healthcare providers use a combination of blood tests, urine tests, imaging, and bone marrow biopsy.
Common diagnostic tests:
- Complete Blood Count (CBC): Checks for anemia or low white blood cell count
- Blood Chemistry Panel: Assesses kidney function (creatinine), calcium levels, and tumor marker LDH
- Quantitative Immunoglobulins: Measures antibody levels
- Electrophoresis: Detects abnormal M protein
- Urine Test (24-hour): Looks for Bence Jones protein
- X-ray / CT / MRI / PET Scans: Detect bone damage or plasmacytomas
- Bone Marrow Biopsy: Examines the number and genetic profile of plasma cells
Treatment of Multiple Myeloma
The treatment approach for multiple myeloma varies significantly based on the stage of the disease, the severity of symptoms, age, and the patient’s overall health condition.
Since multiple myeloma is a chronic and often relapsing cancer, the primary goals of treatment are to control the progression of cancer, manage symptoms, prevent complications, and enhance the patient’s quality of life.
Below are the main treatment options used either alone or in combination:
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Corticosteroids
Used early in treatment to reduce inflammation, manage symptoms like fatigue or nausea, and improve the effectiveness of other therapies.
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Pain Management
Since bone pain is common, effective pain relief is essential. This may include medications, physiotherapy, or localized treatments like radiation for painful bone lesions.
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Bone-Strengthening Medications (Bisphosphonates)
These help reduce bone damage, prevent fractures, and ease bone pain caused by weakened or thinning bones.
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Radiation Therapy
Typically used to shrink localized tumors or relieve pain in specific areas where bone damage is significant.
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Chemotherapy
This involves using powerful drugs to destroy fast-growing cancer cells. Chemotherapy is often given before a stem cell transplant to clear the bone marrow.
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Targeted Therapy
These therapies attack cancer cells by interfering with specific proteins or pathways that help myeloma cells grow. They are more precise than traditional chemotherapy and usually have fewer side effects.
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Immunotherapy
Helps boost the body’s immune system to recognize and attack myeloma cells. It is especially helpful in relapsed or treatment-resistant cases.
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Stem Cell Transplant for Multiple Myeloma
An intensive procedure where high-dose chemotherapy is followed by an infusion of healthy stem cells to restore bone marrow function. Often recommended for younger or fit patients and can lead to longer remission periods.
Recovery from multiple myeloma takes time, but with proper care, many patients regain strength. Regular follow-ups, a balanced diet, and rest support healing and long-term well-being.
Also Read:- Stem Cell Transplant Cost in India
Complications of the Treatment
Multiple myeloma treatments, while often effective, can lead to certain complications such as fatigue, infections, nausea, bone pain, nerve damage, or low blood counts. Some patients may also experience kidney issues or emotional stress during treatment.
However, with timely medical support and symptom management, most of these side effects can be minimized, helping patients maintain a better quality of life throughout their treatment journey.
Preventions
Currently, there is no guaranteed way to prevent multiple myeloma, as its exact cause is unknown. However, you can reduce your risk and support overall health by:
- Avoiding exposure to harmful chemicals (like benzene or pesticides)
- Limiting radiation exposure
- Maintaining a healthy immune system through a balanced diet, regular exercise, and adequate sleep
- Avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol use
- Managing other plasma cell disorders (like MGUS or SMM) through regular medical checkups
Early detection through routine health screenings can also help in catching the disease at an earlier, more manageable stage.
Key Takeaways
Multiple myeloma is a blood cancer that affects plasma cells and can harm bones, kidneys, and the immune system. It often goes unnoticed in early stages but can cause fatigue, infections, and bone pain as it progresses. Early diagnosis and treatments like chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplant can help control symptoms and improve your quality of life.
